Reflective Writing: How to Write Reflective Essays and Journals

Reflective writing is one of the most misunderstood forms of academic assessment. Students often treat it as a personal diary entry or a narration of events. Professional programmes that require reflective writing — nursing, social work, teacher education, business — are assessing something more specific: the ability to analyse experience using theoretical frameworks in order to develop professional practice.

What reflective writing is for

Reflective writing is grounded in Kolb's (1984) experiential learning cycle: Concrete Experience → Reflective Observation → Abstract Conceptualisation → Active Experimentation. The theory holds that experience alone does not produce learning — experience must be processed analytically in order to generate transferable understanding. Reflective writing is the written instantiation of this processing.

In professional disciplines, the ability to reflect systematically on practice — to move from "something went wrong" to "here is what went wrong, why it went wrong, what theory explains it, and what I will do differently" — is a core professional competency, not an academic exercise. Programmes that require reflective writing are assessing whether their graduates can do this in a sustained, evidenced way.

The common failure: staying in description

Most weak reflective writing stays at the level of description and feeling:

"I was placed with a challenging client group. I felt nervous at first but became more confident as the placement progressed. The experience was valuable and I learned a lot."

This is accurate reporting, but it is not reflection. It does not analyse what produced the nervousness, what theoretical frameworks explain the client group's behaviour, what specific professional decisions were made well or poorly, or what will change in future practice.

Strong reflective writing moves through at least three distinct stages:

1. Description (brief): what happened, enough to contextualise the analysis
2. Analysis: what does this mean, using theoretical frameworks? What were the factors at play? What professional decisions were made and on what basis?
3. Critical evaluation and action: what was learned? What would be done differently? What specific action will be taken as a result?

The Description stage should take up the smallest proportion of the word count. The Analysis and Evaluation stages should take the most.

Reflective frameworks

Gibbs' Reflective Cycle (1988)

The most widely used framework in UK nursing, social work, and teacher education:

1. Description: What happened? (brief — 100–150 words maximum in most contexts)
2. Feelings: What were you thinking and feeling?
3. Evaluation: What was good and bad about the experience?
4. Analysis: What sense can you make of this situation? What theories or frameworks apply?
5. Conclusion: What else could you have done?
6. Action Plan: What will you do differently next time?

The Analysis stage is where academic content appears. You are expected to bring in theoretical frameworks, research evidence, and professional standards to make sense of the experience — not just to describe how you felt about it.

Kolb's Experiential Learning Cycle (1984)

Kolb's model is more widely used as an underlying theoretical justification in reflective writing than as a direct structural template:

• Concrete Experience → what happened
• Reflective Observation → what you observed and how it felt
• Abstract Conceptualisation → what theory or framework explains this
• Active Experimentation → what you will do differently as a result

Writing structured around Kolb's four stages produces a natural progression from description to action — which is what reflective assessments are designed to produce.

Schön's Reflection-in-Action and Reflection-on-Action (1983)

Schön distinguishes between reflection that happens during experience (making decisions in the moment) and reflection that happens after experience (analysing what happened and why). Most reflective writing assessments are concerned with reflection-on-action, but strong reflective writing also addresses reflection-in-action: what were you thinking at the moment of the experience? What information or reasoning guided your in-the-moment decisions?

Writing critically reflective rather than just reflectively descriptive

The key move in strong reflective writing is the integration of academic literature with personal experience. This means:

• Using theoretical frameworks to explain why the experience unfolded as it did (not just accepting it as given)
• Citing relevant research and professional standards to evaluate your own practice
• Being genuinely critical of your own performance — identifying what you did poorly and explaining it analytically, not just apologetically

Descriptive approach: "I found the communication skills session helpful and I will try to apply the techniques I learned."

Critically reflective approach: "The communication skills session challenged my default approach to managing conflict in professional settings, which I now recognise as conflict-avoidant behaviour consistent with Gross's (2002) model of emotional suppression. Research by Eisenberg & Fabes (1992) suggests that suppression-based approaches to emotional regulation in professional contexts produce both cognitive costs and poorer quality professional relationships. In my next placement, I will practise the assertive communication techniques covered in the session, specifically in situations where I would previously have deferred to avoid discomfort."

The second version cites research, uses theoretical vocabulary accurately, identifies a specific pattern in the writer's behaviour, and generates a concrete action — not a vague intention.

The action plan

The action plan is frequently cursory in student reflective writing. A weak action plan: "I will try to be more confident in future." A strong action plan: "I will seek a supervised opportunity to conduct an initial client assessment independently, specifically to address the gap in my confidence identified in this reflection. I will discuss this goal with my practice supervisor at my next fortnightly supervision meeting and request feedback on my performance in that assessment. I will use Gibbs' framework to write a short reflection on that experience before the end of the placement."

Strong action plans are specific, measurable, and tied to a mechanism for follow-through.

For guidance on academic writing more broadly, see Academic Writing Fundamentals and the Academic Writing Guide.